Australia is renowned for boasting a multicultural melting pot of cuisines. But, while many signature dishes have gone global – think avo toast, ricotta pancakes, sweetcorn fritters and flat whites – Aussies like to keep some cherished specialities and homegrown brands to themselves. Only Australia could come up with something as delightful as a Lamington, after all. Here, we reveal the dishes, ingredients and branded goods that you’re unlikely to find anywhere else.

Click or scroll through our gallery to discover some of Australia's best and most unusual dishes, ranked to the most iconic of all.

We've based our ranking on the popularity of each food in Australia, as well as on the opinions of our well-travelled (and well-fed) team.

The Brits might have Bovril, but the Aussies have Bonox. Invented in 1918 by Camron Thomas for the Fred Walker Company in Melbourne, this deeply salty, umami-rich concentrated beef extract is often added to soups, sauces and slow-braised dishes to add extra depth of flavour. For many Australians of a certain age, though, hot Bonox (Bonox mixed with boiling water) remains a nostalgic childhood drink, wheeled out to restore spirits on sick days.

Bertie Beetle is without a doubt the most famous chocolate-and-honeycomb beetle the world has ever known. This small chocolate bar first crawled to Australia in 1963 when it was sold in showbags solely at Aussie agricultural shows. This was the only way people could get their hands on the sought-after snacks for decades before single-serving Bertie Beetles finally hit shops in 2018. Of course, the iconic showbags are still big hits every year at the Royal Adelaide Show.

You couldn’t get a more Australian ice cream than Streets’ Bubble O' Bill. This creamy strawberry, chocolate and caramel–flavoured ice cream character comes with an oversized bubblegum nose and a cowboy hat complete with a bullet hole. Part of Unilever, the ice cream brand Streets also released a Bubble O’ Jill in 2020; the cowgirl sister to Bill had a replica nose and hat, as well as luscious blonde (caramel) hair.

Ask anyone in Adelaide for an essential foodie stop and Haigh’s Chocolates will likely be top of their list. The oldest family-owned chocolatier in Australia, Haigh’s Chocolates opened its first store in 1915. It began making its now-famous chocolate frogs in the 1930s, and today produces around four million a year. The adorable amphibian-shaped chocolates are available in a range of sizes and flavours, including dark peppermint and milk strawberry. Come Easter, equally cute chocolate bilbies (long-eared marsupials) make an appearance, too.

Mourning the recent loss of Fantales from supermarket shelves? You'll be pleased to know that Jaffas – another old-school Allen's treat – are still available from stores across the country (along with other classics like Snakes Alive and Freckles). Consisting of chocolate centres encased in a crispy, orange-flavoured shell, these colourful little balls have been tantalising Aussie taste buds since 1931, when they were served from glass jars at milk bars. They're such a bright red that they'll turn your tongue crimson, but their meltingly delicious credentials can't be denied.

Lean, gamey emu meat has been eaten by Indigenous Australians for thousands of years. Today you can get your hands on it at butchers' shops and restaurants across the country, and it's prized for its deep colour and intense flavour. Best served rare to medium rare due to its relatively low fat content, it can be eaten in steak or mince form, or shaped into a healthy burger – and you can buy emu liver pâté in some places, too.

Dark chocolate on the outside, with a fudgy, tart-sweet cherry and coconut concoction on the inside, the Cherry Ripe dates back to 1924, making it one of Australia's oldest chocolate bars. The classic confectionery item was invented by MacRobertson’s Chocolates, whose other famous creation was the Freddo Frog. The family business was sold to Cadbury Australia in 1967. When Cadbury announced in 2024 that the Cherry Ripe would be the latest victim of shrinkflation, the outrage from fans made national news.

A cheap sandwich filler that became popular in the post-war years, this mild-flavoured, pinkish luncheon meat has various names around the country. It’s generally called devon or Belgium meat in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, and polony in Western Australia. In South Australia, there's a similar offering called fritz or bung fritz; the name alludes to the processed meat mixture being encased in a sheep’s appendix, known as a bung. Typically sliced and eaten in a white bread sandwich with tomato sauce, it also gained viral popularity as a ‘devon scallop’, sold breaded and deep-fried by a butcher in Dubbo, New South Wales.

A popular Aussie sweet treat since the late 1950s, the Golden Gaytime is a nostalgic combination of vanilla and toffee ice cream, dipped in chocolate and covered in a delightful biscuit crumb. There have been calls for brand Streets to change the ice cream’s name. However, after consultations with the LGBTQIA+ community, the company released a statement saying the name would remain: “The meaning behind the Gaytime name has not changed since its iconic debut in 1959 – it is, and always has been for everybody to enjoy, no matter who you are or who you love.”

Low in fat, high in iron, full of flavour and plentifully available, kangaroo is a native Australian ingredient long prized by Indigenous communities as a protein staple. It was often hunted and eaten by hard-up rural families in the post-war years, too. The meat has become more widely popular of late, thanks to the trend for championing native ingredients and sourcing food sustainably. Kangaroo is best served rare and is often accompanied by pumpkin or sweet potato. Its gamey flavour also works well with bold spices and native Australian fruits and shrubs.

This pretty-in-pink shortbread biscuit, topped with fondant icing, raspberry jam and desiccated coconut, looks and tastes very sweet. The quintessential Aussie treat, made by Arnott’s Biscuits and first manufactured in 1906, the Iced VoVo is a mainstay of an Australian ‘morning tea’. It came to global attention in 2007 when newly elected Prime Minister Kevin Rudd mentioned his team should enjoy an Iced VoVo and a strong cuppa in his election victory speech.

Forget about posh ingredient combinations and hand-sliced potatoes. Australia’s top potato chip (or crisp) of choice is Samboy Atomic Tomato. Crinkle-cut, brightly coloured and boldly flavoured, there’s no messing about with this snack. As the name suggests, it has a punchy, sweet-acidic tomato flavour and plenty of crunch. A staple in lunchboxes and at parties and barbecues alike, the brand’s Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar and BBQ flavours are pretty popular, too.

They might not sound all that appetising, but Moreton Bay bugs (and their southern cousins, Balmain bugs) are among Australia’s most delicious seafood. Named after the Queensland bay near Brisbane where they’re found, these crustaceans live in both muddy and sandy sea bottoms. Similar to lobsters, the tails are where the prized flesh lies. They’re best served split down the middle, grilled in their shells and drizzled with garlic butter.

Available in three core flavours – Cheese, Chicken and Wicked Cheddar Zig Zag (a cult classic) – not one of these knobbly, squiggly corn snacks is alike. Since Twisties launched in the 1950s, heaps of special limited-edition varieties have been released, from crowd-pleasing favourites Cheesy Chilli and Margherita Pizza to the divisive Cinnamon Donut. Twisties lovers were horrified in 2016 when the Zig Zag range was suddenly discontinued, out of the blue. However, following public outcry, the lightning bolt–shaped snacks were hastily reintroduced.

Not a fan of Golden Gaytime's toffee flavour or biscuit crumb? You can always rely on a Paddle Pop for a frosty, sugary fix. Named for their shape, these old-school ice creams have been sweetening Aussie summers since the original chocolate flavour went on sale in the 1950s. Over the years, new varieties have been introduced – including strawberry, banana and super-colourful rainbow – all championed by Paddle Pop's iconic mascot, Max the Paddle Pop Lion, who appears on every wrapper.

Rissoles – chopped meat cakes that are often breaded or wrapped in pastry before being fried – exist in several countries, but Australia and New Zealand like to do them differently. The Antipodean interpretation of a rissole is made from minced meat, with no breading or pastry, and it looks a little bit like an irregular meatball or burger patty. Lots of families have their own tried-and-true rissole recipes, many of which feature secret ingredients such as bacon or Vegemite.

There's much to like about a neenish tart. These handheld treats have a pastry base, a mock cream filling and a multi-coloured icing lid. Some people add a punchy layer of raspberry jam, and there's even an alternative version that calls for pineapple. But, while the deliciousness of neenish tarts can't be debated, their origins can. Recipes for the treats cropped up in Australia at the turn of the 20th century, but researchers have never discovered the inventor.

The Violet Crumble is Australia’s oldest chocolate bar. Nothing to do with Parma Violet sweets, the bar was launched in 1913 by Abel Hoadley and named after his wife’s favourite flower, the violet. Brits often liken the Violet Crumble to a Crunchie, but the Aussies make a valid case for the superiority of the Violet Crumble. The honeycomb is denser and more marshmallow-like, and there’s a better chocolate-to-honeycomb ratio, too.

Head to a fish and chip shop to try this Australian food icon. Dim sim – not dim sum – took Australia by storm in the 1940s after being popularised by Chinese immigrant William Chen Wing Young. These tasty bites are circular dumpling-like parcels filled with seasoned minced meat and cabbage, then either deep-fried or steamed. They're usually eaten in one or two mouthfuls, with some soy sauce on the side.

An old-school festive dessert, White Christmas is a tooth-numbingly sweet traybake featuring glacé fruit, desiccated coconut, nuts and puffed rice, all bound together with copha (vegetable fat shortening) or white chocolate. Intended to mimic the colours of freshly fallen snow and glittering baubles, White Christmas is a treat eat – and, most likely, the closest anyone will get to festive flakes in Australia.

Something of a pop culture icon, the Chiko Roll was invented in Victoria by Frank McEnroe, who ran an outdoor catering business. Having seen spectators chowing down on Chinese-style spring rolls outside the Richmond Cricket Ground, he was inspired to create a larger, more robust alternative that could easily be held in one hand. The Chiko Roll made its debut in 1951, featuring a mix of diced vegetables (cabbage, onions and carrots) encased in a pastry wrapper – and was an instant hit. The deep-fried roll is still loved today and is available at fish and chip shops and supermarkets throughout the country.

Ask any Aussie which mangoes are best, and they’ll likely say Kensington Pride mangoes, which are also known as Bowen mangoes (after the town where they were first grown). Juicier and tastier than other types, this cultivar is the most popular in the country, accounting for up to 80% of mangoes sold. If you take a visit to Bowen in Queensland, you’ll discover two giant mango sculptures proudly on display, measuring 33ft (10m) and 20ft (6m) tall.

This traditional Australian soda bread dates back to the days when early European settlers, swagmen, drovers and stockmen would make a rudimentary dough in the bush – using just flour, salt and water – and cook it over a campfire. Nowadays, butter and milk are often added to enrich the mix. Many Aussies will have childhood memories of preparing this basic bread, winding the dough around long sticks and cooking it on a fire. As those in the know will attest, damper is best eaten warm and dipped in honey, jam or chocolate spread.

Australia’s bush is full of incredible ingredients that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have consumed for millennia. In the past decade or so, Australian chefs have begun celebrating their country's unique culinary heritage by presenting this bounty of wild food in delicious ways. Now you might see native ingredients such as salt weed, wattleseeds, Kakadu plums and finger limes (pictured) on the menu in top restaurants.

These deep-fried carbs are the ultimate tasty-but-trashy takeaway treat: slices of batter-dipped potato, fried until golden brown and crispy. This chip shop speciality is known as a potato scallop in New South Wales and Queensland, a potato cake in Victoria and Tasmania, and a fritter in South Australia. Scatter it with chicken salt or dip it in tomato sauce, and you’ve got yourself some top no-nonsense tucker.

Australia’s most famous cake, the Lamington, is made of melted chocolate and desiccated coconut–covered vanilla sponge cubes. The earliest known recipe for Lamingtons – named after Lord Lamington, the state governor between 1896-1901 – appeared in the Queensland Country Life newspaper in 1900, but no one quite knows who invented them. One story has it that a maid accidentally dropped a chunk of cake into melted chocolate. Another less interesting story says that Lamington's head chef, Armand Galland, came up with the idea before one of the governor's parties.

This malted chocolate powder can be added to hot or cold milk and was developed for Nestlé Australia in 1934 by a chemical engineer called Thomas Mayne. His brief was to create a cheap and nutritious drink to tackle childhood malnutrition, a big worry in the Great Depression era. It was launched at the 1934 Sydney Royal Easter Show by Mayne, who famously drank a cup of Milo every day until he died at the age of 93. With its catchy taglines, including the 1980s classic ‘You’ve Gotta be Made of Milo’, the drink was lapped up (and slurped down) by Aussie and Kiwi kids alike. Its appeal is still strong, and a plant-based Milo joined the family in 2020.

Ask for a burger 'with the lot' in Australia, and you'd better be hungry! A staple menu item at pubs, cafés and restaurants all over the country, this classic Aussie burger sees a beef patty topped with beetroot, pineapple, a fried egg and strips of bacon – and cheese, lettuce, tomatoes and pickles are often squeezed in, too. Don’t knock the national delicacy until you’ve tried it; beetroot adds a delicious earthiness, while the pineapple provides a tasty, tangy edge.

It’s not a get-together in Australia without a box or two of Arnott's Shapes. These oven-baked crackers come in an array of flavours, from classics like BBQ, Pizza, Cheddar and Chicken Crimpy to more recent innovations like Chicken Parmi, a sought-after option inspired by the classic Aussie pub dish of the same name. Which is the most popular, you may wonder? According to Arnott’s 2021 Shapes Flavour poll, Chicken Crimpy was the champion cracker with 22% of the vote, while Pizza and BBQ scooped second and third place, respectively.

No biscuit unites the nation quite like the Tim Tam. Often compared to the British biscuit Penguin, the Tim Tam topples it with its crunchy biscuit, silky cream centre and chocolate exterior. Brits can now taste the difference for themselves, as the Tim Tam officially launched in the UK in March 2024. Plenty of Aussies would argue that the only true way to enjoy this beloved chocolate treat is by doing the Tim Tam Slam: biting off two corners of the biscuit to create an edible straw, then using it to suck up hot (but not too hot!) chocolate or coffee.

A children’s party essential in Australia and New Zealand, fairy bread is widely believed to have been invented in Tasmania. The simple sugary treat sees sliced white bread (none of your artisan loaves here, thank you) spread with butter or margarine and sprinkled with hundreds and thousands. For the ultimate in nostalgic party fare, the crusts should be removed, and the bread cut into triangles before being artfully arranged on plates.

The Aussie take on the humble sausage is an important part of the country’s food culture. Often simply served folded in a slice of white bread with a squeeze of sauce, sometimes with added onions, they’re essential at any barbecue. Snags are also a fixture outside Bunnings DIY stores, where you can find a sausage sizzle (a community event selling sausages, often for charity) taking place every weekend. They’re even closely tied to Australia’s voting process; grabbing a ‘democracy sausage’ after you’ve voted is a well-deserved reward for doing your civic duty.

Why settle for plain old salt when you can sprinkle your hot chips with the savoury flavour bomb that is chicken salt? This flavour-packed yellow seasoning (typically made from salt, roasted and dehydrated chicken skins, paprika, garlic and onion powder) is said to have been invented by Peter Brinkworth in Adelaide in the 1970s. It was originally devised as a dry rub for roasted chooks. These days, you’ll find chicken salt at fish and chip shops, fast food joints and takeaways alike.

Arguably the most iconic Australian brand of them all, Vegemite was invented in Melbourne in 1922 by food technologist Dr Cyril P Calliste for the Fred Walker Company. Inspired by Marmite, it’s made using yeast extract, but it tastes distinctly different from Britain’s favourite savoury spread. It took a few decades for the homegrown brand to gain traction with Marmite-loving locals but, after a brief and ineffectual name change to Parwill, its popularity soared in the 1940s. Vegemite has been slathered on the nation's toast ever since.

Golden, syrupy and buttery, Anzac biscuits are traditionally baked by Australians and New Zealanders on Anzac Day (25 April) to commemorate Anzac soldiers who served and died in wars. Simple yet irresistible, especially when warm from the oven, they’re made by mixing melted butter and golden syrup with oats, flour, baking powder, sugar and, often, desiccated coconut. It’s a matter of personal preference whether you like your Anzac biscuits chewy or crunchy, but most people will agree that they're best enjoyed with a cup of tea.

The ultimate Australian football snack and perfect road trip fuel, Aussie pies are beloved all over the country. Served with a dollop of tomato sauce on top, they're made by cooking minced beef in a rich gravy, then encasing it in a shortcrust base with a puff pastry lid. The history of Aussie pies can be traced back to the First Fleet. These days you’ll find pie-lined trays at every high street bakery and servo (gas station), no matter how remote. Legendary Australian pie brand Mrs Mac's has been selling tasty pre-packaged versions – in a host of flavours – since the 1950s.

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Last updated by Laura Ellis.